B.A. L.L.B: This is
a 5-year course and the students can pursue this course after passing Class 12.
L.L.B: This is a 3-year course, open for
graduates.
L.L.M: This is a postgraduate course in Law.
The duration of the course is 2year. Students can pursue this course after
completing B.A. L.L.B. or L.L.B.
There are various
specializedbranches of Law.
These include:
Civil Law
What is Civil Law?
Civil law seeks to
resolve non-criminal disputes such as disagreements over the meaning of
contracts, property ownership, divorce, child custody, and damages for personal
and property damage. A civil court is a place where people can solve their
problems with people peacefully. The function of civil law is to provide a legal
remedy to solve problems. Sometimes civil law is based on a state or federal
statute; at other times civil law is based on a ruling by the court.
TYPES OF CIVIL
CASES
Civil law covers a wide spectrum of topics.
Some of these topics are:
Consumer law
International law
Agricultural law
Employment law
Animal law
Entertainment law
Business law
Family law
Sports law
Tax law
Intentional torts such as
libel, slander, defamation of character, battery and assault.
Criminal
law
Criminal Law or penal law involves prosecution by the
government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime. It is the
body of statutory and common law that deals with crime and the legal punishment
of criminal offenses. There are four theories of criminal justice: punishment,
deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. It is believed that by imposing
sanctions for the crime, society can achieve justice and a peaceable social
order.
Criminal Law deals with:
Arson, Assault,
Battery, Bribery, Burglary, Child Abuse, Child Pornography, Computer Crimes,
Controlled Substances, Credit Card Fraud, Criminal Defense, Drugs and Narcotics,
DUI/DWI, Embezzlement, Expungements, Felonies, Fraud, Homicide, Identity Theft,
Internet and Cyberspace Crime, Manslaughter, Money Laundering, Murder, Perjury,
Prostitution, Rape, RICO, Robbery, Sex Crimes, Shoplifting, Theft, Weapons,
White Collar Crime and Wire Fraud among others.
Corporate
law Corporate Law is the area of law focusing on the legal methods
of obtaining an official charter or articles of incorporation from the state for
an organization, which may be a profit-making business, a professional business
such as a law office or medical office or a non-profit entity which operates for
charitable, social, religious, civic or other public service purposes and the
legal ramifications of such an organization-business formation law. Corporations
are governed by state corporation laws. Other laws that govern business
operations include consumer protection law, contract laws, labor and employment
law, anti-trust and trade regulation laws, securities, and others that deal with
the day-to-day operations of a corporation<
Administration
Law
Administrative law is the body of law that governs the
activities of administrative agencies of government. Government agency action
can include rulemaking, adjudication, or the enforcement of a specific
regulatory agenda. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. As a
body of law, administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative
units of government (e.g., tribunals, boards or commissions) that are part of a
national regulatory scheme in such areas as police law, international trade,
manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration and
transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the twentieth century, as
legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the
increasingly complex social, economic and political spheres of human
interaction.
Cyber law
Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are
traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief,
all of which are subject to the Indian Penal Code. The abuse of computers has
also given birth to a gamut of new age crimes that are addressed by the
Information Technology Act, 2000.
We can categorize Cyber crimes
in two ways
The Computer as a target:-using a
computer to attack other computers. E.g. Hacking,
Virus/Worm attacks, DOS attack etc. The computer as a weapon
:- using a computer to commit real world crimes.
E.g. Cyber Terrorism, IPR violations, Credit card frauds,
EFT frauds, Pornography etc. Cyber Crime regulated by Cyber Laws or Internet
Laws.
Labour Law
Laws which deal with employees and employers and the
relationship between them. Labour laws cover things like job security,
industrial agreements, strikes and conciliation and arbitration.
Constitutional
Law Law that relates to the constitution, as a permanent system of
political and juridical government,as distinguished from statutory and common
law ,which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution.
Patent Law
The term patent usually refers to a right granted to anyone who
invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement
thereof. The additional qualification utility patent is used in the United
States to distinguish it from other types of patents (e.g. design patents) but
should not be confused with utility models granted by other countries. Examples
of particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents,
business method patents, chemical patents and software patents.
Here is a list of
some of the top Law Colleges in India and their official
sites
Some of the
Affliated colleges which provide law courses are
A.C. College of Law
(Affiliated
Colleges Nagarjuna University)Guntur Courses: LL.B 3 Years and
5 years
Adarsha Law
College(Affiliated Colleges Kakatiya
University) Hanamkonda,warangal Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
All Saints
Law College(Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair), SiripuramVisakhapatnam Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
A.
V. R.Amrutha College of Law(Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair)Visakhapatnam Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
Years
C.
R. R. Law College, (Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair) Eluru Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5 Years
D.S.R. Hindu
College of Law(Affiliated Colleges Nagarjuna
University)Machilipatnam Course: LL.B 3 Years
D.N.R. Law
College(Affiliated Colleges Andhra
University)Bhimavaram-, West Godavari Courses: LL.B 3 Years
and 5 years
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
College (AffiliatedCollegesSriVenkateswaraUniversity)Tirupati Courses:
LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
G.S.K.M. Law
College(Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair) Rajahmundry Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
Indira
Priyadarshini LawCollege(AffiliatedCollegesNagarjunaUniversity)Ongole
Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
J.C. College
of Law(Affiliated Colleges Nagarjuna
University)Guntur Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
Justice
Kummaraya College of Law(Affiliated Colleges Kakatiya
University) Karimnagar Course: LL.B 3 Years
M.R.V.R.G.R.
Law College(Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair)Vizianagaram Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
M.P.R. Law College
(Affiliated
Andhra University, Waltair)Srikakulam Courses: LL.B 3 Years
and 5 years
Maniar
College of Law(Minority) (Affiliated Colleges
Kakatiya University) Khammam Course: LL.B 3 Years
N.B.M. Law College
(Affiliated
Andhra University, Waltair)Visakhapatnam- Courses: LL.B 3
Years and 5 years
N.V.P.LawCollege(AffiliatedAndhraUniversity,Waltair)Madhurawada,Visakhapatnam-
Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
P.S. Raju Law
College (Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair)Turangi, Kakinada- Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
Prasuna
College of Law (AffiliatedCollegesSriKrishnadevarayaUniversity),Kurnool Courses:
LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
Rajiv Gandhi
Institute of Law(Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair) Kakinada- Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
S.R.K.M. Law College
(Affiliated
Colleges Sri Venkateswara University),Chittoor- Courses:
LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
Smt. V.D.
Siddhardha Law College(Affiliated Colleges Nagarjuna
University), Vijayawada Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
Smt.BasavatharakamMemorialLawCollege(AffiliatedCollegesSriVenkateswara
University), Kadapa Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
Sri Shirdi Sai Law
College(Affiliated Andhra University,
Waltair)Visakhapatnam Course: LL.B 3 Years
Sri Vijayanagar Law
College (Affiliated Colleges
SriKrishnadevarayaUniversity) Anantapur Courses: LL.B 3
Years and 5 years
Sri P. Basi Reddy
College ofLaw (AffiliatedCollegesSriVenkateswaraUniversity),
Kadapa-516 001 Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
Sri Venkateswara
College ofLaw (AffiliatedCollegesSriVenkateswaraUniversity)
Tirupati-517 503 Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5
years
V.R. Law
College (Affiliated Colleges Sri
Venkateswara University)Nellore Course: LL.B 3 Years
Vijaya Law College
(Affiliated
Colleges Osmania University)Nalgonda- Courses: LL.B 3 Years
and 5 years
Veeravalli College
of Law(Affiliated Colleges Andhra
University), Rajahmundry Courses: LL.B 3 Years and 5 years
Distance
Learning Law Schools – The onset of rapid economic development and fast paced
growth has induced the need of higher Education so much that today a
qualification even through Distance Education is recognized worldwide, provided
the student selects the correct University. How does one go about selecting the
correct University? For starters, the University should be recognized by a
credible Institution such as UGC (University Grants’ Commission) or the AICTE. A
student must, in fact, ensure that the University that he / she aim to apply in
is accredited.
Some of the best
Centers for Distance Education in Law are as follows: Indira Gandhi National Open University (Delih),
Annamalai University (Tamil Nadu), National Law School of India
University (Bangalore), The Dr. Ambedkar Law University (TN), Kakatiya
University (Warangal), Kurukshetra University (Haryana), Madurai Kamraj
University (Madurai), Mahatma Gandhi University (Kottayam), SNDT Women’s
University (Mumbai) etc
Role of the Distance
Education Centre The
Education Centre of Distance Learning Law Schools is responsible for
dissemination of the entire course material including audio tapes, notes via
e-mail, lecture (if any) schedules, assignments etc. Some Universities
distribute a Handbook especially to external students. Some Universities have a
flexible attendance pattern so as not to inundate participants with extra
load.
Career inLaw As
our laws are so complex, the work of Lawyers and Judges is very significant.
Moreover, as the society is getting more civic conscious and aware about the
legal framework, the jobs in Law are also gaining popularity and high scope. A
lawyer is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law
and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors
on behalf of their clients. As advocates, they represent either the plaintiff or
the defendant and advance their client’s case through oral argument or written
documents such as motions and briefs. As advisors, lawyers counsel clients on
how the facts of their particular case apply to the law.
Placementsand
Prospects They can find employment in various
courts of law, in government service both Central and State government, as
teachers, as legal advisors in various companies, business houses, organisations
etc. They also do private practice as legal advisors, advocates, solicitors
etc.
One who wishes to become an advocate and practice law as a
profession in India, should enroll with the local State Central Bar council. An
application for admission as an advocate shall be made in the prescribed form to
the State Bar Council within whose jurisdiction the applicant proposes to
practice. The Bar Council of India and the State Bar Councils forms a self
contained code of law for legal professionals practicing in India. Lawyers can
find employment in a variety of positions in the Government Service as well as
other fields. Lawyer can also work as legal counsel and legal advisers for
firms, organizations and families. They can work as trustees of various trusts,
as teachers, law reporters, company secretary and so on. Opportunities exist
in the defense services too. Additional qualification along with law degree
offers scope for a wide range of employment opportunities. the applicant
proposes to practice. The Bar Council of India and the State Bar Councils forms
a self contained code of law for legal professionals practicing in India.
Lawyers can find employment in a variety of positions in the Government Service
as well as other fields. Lawyer can also work as legal counsel and legal
advisers for firms, organizations and families. They can work as trustees of
various trusts, as teachers, law reporters, company secretary and so on.
Opportunities exist in the defense services too. Additional qualification along
with law degree offers scope for a wide range of employment opportunities.
Government
Services Lawyers are appointed in central services ( Indian legal
service) through UPSC on grounds of their experience in the field. Post covered
under Indian legal service are Law officers, Assistant Advisors, Dy. Legal
Advisors and Legal Advisors.
State legal service appoints lawyers
through SPSC exams in senior position in State police/Revenue/Judicial
Departments. The basic qualification is degree in law, besides a degree in Arts
/ Science / Commerce / Agriculture. Average age limit is between 21 to 30 years.
In the judiciary, the posts are that of the magistrate, district and
sessions judge, munsifs (sub-magistrate), public prosecutor, solicitors,
attorney general, advocate general, notary and oath commissioner. There are also
legal secretaries appointed in assemblies, law inspectors, legal officers in
banks, judicial members of income tax, sales tax and excise departments,
government advocates and staff in the registrar of companies' office. The
examination for these posts take place periodically & is advertised as and
when the vacancies occur.
Magistrate and
Sub-Magistrate A candidate who qualifies in the Law Service
Commission or State Public Service Commission is eligible for appointment as
Magistrate and Sub-Magistrate ( munsif). While magistrate presides over criminal
court, munsif delivers judgment on civil cases. Promotion may take a person
higher up to sub-judge, District and Sessions Courts Judge and further
(depending upon seniority and vacancy) to appointments in High Courts and the
Supreme Court.
Public Defenders
At the state, federal and local level, public defenders serve as
court-appointed attorneys for those who cannot afford an attorney.
Public
Prosecutor Govt. Pleaders represent the State in sessions courts and
lends advice to officers in districts in all legal matters when called for.
Solicitor
Advices the government on legal matters and submit statement of
important cases to Attorney General of India for his opinion or appearance in
the Supreme court as necessary. A Solicitor General makes sure that the Attorney
General performs his duties properly.
Attorney
General Attorney general appointed by the president advices the
government of India on such legal matters as may be assigned to him by the
president. He has the right of audience in all courts of India and participate
in the proceedings of Parliament without the right to vote.
Advocate General
Similar to the post of Attorney General at centre, each state has
an Advocate General appointed by State Governors. These offices generally
prosecute cases that have statewide significance and work with local District
Attorney's offices in the prosecution of cases. One of the best ways to gain
trial experience quickly after graduation is to work at a state attorney's
office.
District
Attorney Assistant State Attorneys (also called district attorneys)
are primarily responsible for criminal matters and prosecution. The District
Attorney is usually an elected official. Depending upon the size of the District
Attorney's office, they may have multiple units that focus upon different types
of crime such as domestic violence, homicide, appellate work or sex crimes. If
you work with a smaller District Attorney's office, you may have the option of
handling diverse caseloads.
Notary, Oath
Commissioner A notary is a legal practitioner of at least ten years
experience in the profession. He is appointed on application to Central, State
government to draw, verify, authenticate, certify and attest the execution of
any deed. Oath commissioner is another established authority similar to the
notary.
Legal
Advisers Public sector undertakings and state and central government
organisations also employ lawyers as advisers.
Other fields Lawyer can
also work as legal counsel and legal advisers for firms, organizations and
families. They can work as trustees of various trusts, as teachers, law
reporters, company secretary and so on. Opportunities exist in the defense
services too. Additional qualification along with law degree offers scope for a
wide range of employment opportunities.
Defence
Service They can work in the legal branches of defence departments
such as the Indian army, Navy and Air force. They conduct courts of enquiry
and court martials of offending service personnel governed by the particular
legislation acts.
Legal Advisors
They work in legal departments of firms or for private clients.
Legal advisors counsel their clients as to their legal rights and obligations
and suggest the appropriate course of action in business and personal matters.
They also check deeds, issue writs, collect information for affidavits and draft
legal documents.
Advocate An
advocate practises in the court of law. He represents a party (individual, group
of individuals or a company) in a court of law. They present the facts of the
case to the judge, cross examine witnesses and finally sum up the reasons as to
why the court should decide in their clients' favour.
Solicitor Solicitor
is a kind of advisor to clients on a variety of matters that involves law.
Solicitors explain the cases of his clients to the advocates. Solicitors need
never appear in court directly. Solicitor's firms undertake cases related to
their area of work.
Teacher Those
with a good aptitude and taste for teaching, can go for LL.M and take up job in
any University or Institute offering law courses to students.
Writer If he has
a flair for writing may act as an author and produce journals and legal
commentaries and bring out law reports. They can write articles for magazines,
news papers etc.
Company Secretary
A law graduate and/or a member of the Institute of Company
Secretaries can be employed as a company secretary in a firm.
Remuneration Salaries of experienced attorneys
vary widely according to the type, size, and location of their employer. A
qualified lawyer employed in government department has pay packages as per the
terms and conditions of the government. Those appointed as judges have good
remunerations and other perks offered by the government. Lawyers preferring
private sector have more lucrative pay packages. The earnings of lawyers working
privately as advocate or consultant depends upon the number and nature of their
clients.
